In Kohlberg's framework, which level features obedience and punishment orientation and individualism and exchange?

In Kohlberg's framework, which level features obedience and punishment orientation and individualism and exchange?

• A. Kohlberg's Level One
• B. Kohlberg's Level Two
• C. Kohlberg's Level Three
• D. Piaget's Stages

Answer: (A)

In Kohlberg’s framework, the first level of moral development is preconventional morality. At this stage, reasoning is focused on personal consequences and self-interest rather than society’s rules. The obedience and punishment orientation part means right actions are those that avoid punishment. The individualism and exchange part means people consider fairness in terms of concrete exchanges or favors—they do what benefits themselves or negotiates a basic bargain. Because the question describes both of these self-centered, punishment-avoidant ways of judging right and wrong, the first level is the best fit. As reasoning progresses to higher levels, judgments are based more on social norms and then on abstract principles. Note that Piaget’s stages are a separate theory, not Kohlberg’s levels.

In Kohlberg’s framework, the first level of moral development is preconventional morality. At this stage, reasoning is focused on personal consequences and self-interest rather than society’s rules. The obedience and punishment orientation part means right actions are those that avoid punishment. The individualism and exchange part means people consider fairness in terms of concrete exchanges or favors—they do what benefits themselves or negotiates a basic bargain. Because the question describes both of these self-centered, punishment-avoidant ways of judging right and wrong, the first level is the best fit. As reasoning progresses to higher levels, judgments are based more on social norms and then on abstract principles. Note that Piaget’s stages are a separate theory, not Kohlberg’s levels.